[LCA] Chap. 2 주요 컨셉

주요 컨셉

LCA is a tool to evaluate the environmental consequences of a product or activity holistically, across its entire life.

There is a trend in many countries toward more environmentally benign products and processes.

A complete LCA consists of three complementary components: inventory, impact, and improvement analyses.

LCIs can be used both internally to an organization and externally with external applications requiring a higher standard of accountability.

LCI analyses can be used in process analysis, material selection, product evaluation, product comparison, and policy-making.

상세)

LCA is not necessarily a linear or stepwise process.

Ex 1) Inventory analysis alone -> identify opportunities for reducing emissions, energy consumption, and material use.

Ex 2) Impact analysis -> ecological and human health consequences and resource depletion

Ex 3) Improvement analysis -> any potential reduction strategies are optimized

이 중 1번 인벤토리 분석에 초점이 맞춰진 책이다.

1960년대에 처음으로 시작되었고, 원 재료 및 에너지 자원에 대한 맥락으로 등장.

간단 요약)

Inventory Analysis: Technical, data-based process of quantifying energy and raw material requirements, atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, solid wastes, and other releases for the entire life cycle of a product, package, process, material, or activity.

Impact Analysis: Technical, quantitative, and/or qualitative process to characterize and assess the effects of the resource requirements and environmental loadings.

Improvement Analysis: Needs and opportunities to reduce the environmental burden. Not been widely discussed in a public forum.

[중요 수행 단계]

Scoping (or Initiation): First activities in LCA.
 - Product, process, or activity is defined


Identifying and Setting Boundaries for LC stages
: The quality of an LCI depends on an accurate description of the system to be analyzed.

 

[통상적인 생애주기 단계]

1) Raw Material Acquisition
2) Manufacturing
 - Materials Manufacture
 - Product Fabrication
 - Filling/Packaging/Distribution
3) Use/Reuse/Maintenance
4) Recycle/Waste Management

 

[모든 단계에 적용되는 이슈들]

• Energy and Transportation

 - 프로세스 뿐만 아니라, 운송에 필요한 에너지 고려

 

• Environmental Waste Aspects

 - 대기 배출 (atmospheric emissions), 물을 매개로하는 오염물질 (water-borne wastes), 고체 폐기물 (solid wastes)

 - 실제 프로세스에 의하여 배출되는 것 이외에도, 운송/조업에 의한 (간접) 배출 고려

 

• Waste Management Practices

 - 매립 (landfilling), 소각 (incineration), 재순환 (recycling), 그리고 퇴비화 (composting)

 

• Allocation of Waste or Energy Among Primary and Coproducts

• Summing the Results of Each Stage

[인벤토리 분석의 적용]

인벤토리 분석 결과는: (1) 연속적인 LC impact analysis 혹은 (2) 일부분의 예비 improvement analysis로 연결.
(세 가지의 분석 기법이 어떻게 연결되는지 확인)

• To Support Broad Environmental Assessments
• To Establish Baseline Information
• To Rank the Relative Contribution of Individual Steps or Processes
• To Identify Data Gaps
• To Support the Policy
• To Support Product Certification
• To Provide Education for Use in Decision-Making

 

 

[ 정리 ]

전체적인 컨셉과 그 안의 세부적인 분석 종류 세 가지에 대해 세분화시켰다.
분석의 시작점과 통상적인 세부 스텝 및 모든 단계에서 공통적으로 고려해야 하는 문제들을 간단히 다루었고,
마지막으로는 그 결과에 대한 의의가 무엇인지 정성적으로 살펴보았다.

 

2장 끝.